Friday, August 21, 2020
Microbial Survey, Smear Preparation, and Simple Stain Essay Example
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Thursday, July 2, 2020
NYU SAT and ACT Scores What You Need to Get In
So You Want to Go to NYUâ⬠¦ Maybe you come from an NYU legacy family and have been planning your bright future in Manhattan for the last two decades. Or maybe you just picked up an NYU brochure at your high schoolââ¬â¢s college fair and the only thing you know about the school is what its acronym stands for. Whatever led you to this post, if you have any interest in NYU, chances are youââ¬â¢ve found one (or all!) of these things about the school compelling: NYU is the largest private research university in the US, with a large budget to spend on top-notch facilities and an impressive location to lure the most talented faculty. NYU is home to many competitive programs (such as Tisch Film, Stern Business, Clive Davis School of Recorded Music, the list goes onâ⬠¦) that are considered some of the best in the world within their industries. NYU has more study abroad programs than any other university in the United States, as well as two accredited satellite campuses in Shanghai and Abu Dhabi. Students at NYU have access to a huge of network of connections all around the globe. NYU is located in New York City, one of the most influential cultural hubs in the world. Attending college in NYC places students geographically at the center of an enormous number of industries. Beyond networking, living in the big city also teaches students a resilience and maturity that most people wonââ¬â¢t be getting from their college experience. This could also be the only time youââ¬â¢ll be able to afford to live in downtown Manhattan. The next step is getting in. Thereââ¬â¢s a lot more to a successful college application than just your test scores. However, almost all schools require that applicants submit either SAT or ACT results to be considered for admission. So tackling these tests is a great place to start. And weââ¬â¢re here to help! Keep reading for a whole lot of information about NYU SAT Scores (â⬠¦or NYU ACT Scores, if thatââ¬â¢s what youââ¬â¢re into). Once you know what to aim for, weââ¬â¢ll talk about how to get your scores where they need to be. The Magic Formula for Getting Accepted! There is no magic formula for getting into NYU. Sorry ðŸ⢠When I was a junior in high school, I made a list of colleges and went over it with my guidance counselor. It was a big high school, and she didnââ¬â¢t know me very well. But she did have an intimate knowledge of my GPA and test scores. As we went down the list, next to the name of each school she wrote whether she thought that school was a ââ¬Å"safety schoolâ⬠and ââ¬Å"good fitâ⬠or a ââ¬Å"reachâ⬠for me. And while she encouraged me to still apply to the ââ¬Å"reachâ⬠schools, she let me know that I would probably end up at one of the ââ¬Å"good fitâ⬠institutions. But by the time spring of my senior year came around, I had been waitlisted (and eventually denied) at every single college my counselor had written ââ¬Å"good fitâ⬠next to. I knew my SAT scores were way above the average for students typically admitted all of those schools. But I still didnââ¬â¢t get accepted to any of them. I was freaking out. Thereââ¬â¢s a lot that goes into admissions, and test scores only account for about a third (or less) of the decision whether to admit or deny a student. Itââ¬â¢s possible that your SAT or ACT scores could be the deciding factor for the NYU admissions committee ââ¬â but they arenââ¬â¢t magic. This was discouraging for me to learn first hand. Iââ¬â¢m sure itââ¬â¢s a little discouraging for you to hear. But donââ¬â¢t worry! Thereââ¬â¢s a lot that you can do to make sure your application is looking as good as possible when it slides across the NYU adcomsââ¬â¢ desks. What the Admissions Committee is looking for When reviewing your application, the NYU admissions committee will be looking for the whole package. You will almost certainly need to have a good GPA, good test scores, and be near the top of your high school class. However, like many schools, NYU values a student body of diverse, innovative thinkers, and they will accept a ââ¬Ëgood fitââ¬â¢ applicant over one with higher academic achievement. When completing your application, make sure to demonstrate not just your intellectual drive, but also your initiative and leadership experience. This could be displayed through your work history, community involvement, family responsibilities, and other informal good deeds. Youââ¬â¢re much more than a test score, so make sure the adcom can see that. GPA and test scores are important, but other factors (such as extracurricular activities and letters of recommendation) will also play a big role. NYU requires a supplemental essay as part of your application, which is an important time to shine. You need to convince the admissions committee that youââ¬â¢re not just a great fit for some college ââ¬â youââ¬â¢re a great fit for NYU. NYU Admissions Data The newest class of students admitted into NYU represents a small-but-diverse portion of the group that applied. Of the 67,000 students who applied last fall, 18,520 were admitted. This means NYUââ¬â¢s admissions rate is currently about 27%. This is the lowest admissions rate NYU has had in the last 16 years. Given that five years ago, NYUââ¬â¢s acceptance rate was 35%, itââ¬â¢s obvious that admissions at NYU are becoming even more competitive. But donââ¬â¢t let that discourage you! Just take it one step at a time ââ¬â starting with your test scores. What Kind of Scores Do You Need to Get In to NYU? Donââ¬â¢t worry too much about your test scores ââ¬â as I just said, NYU isnââ¬â¢t looking at you as a faceless score on an online application. There is no absolute minimum SAT or ACT score that you need to get into NYU. However itââ¬â¢s safe to say that your entire application has to make an impression, and a strong test score will definitely reflect positively on you. NYU Admissions By the Numbers: NYU SAT Scores NYU wonââ¬â¢t release its admitted student data for 2017 until the spring of 2018. Because of this, weââ¬â¢ll have to go off the test scores for the Class of 2020. Donââ¬â¢t panic! Trends in scoring for admitted students generally stay stable from one year to the next. However, since the SAT scores reported by NYU are from the old SAT (before March 2016), we will have to convert the scores to reflect the new version of the test. For students who submitted SAT scores and were admitted to NYU in 2016, the 25th and 75th percentile composite scores were 1880 and 2210. This translates to a 25th percentile composite score of 1340 on the SAT. Itââ¬â¢s generally a good practice to aim for an SAT score around the 75th percentile of whatever the school your looking at has recently admitted. Having a concrete goal will help you focus your studying, and hitting the 75th percentile of NYU SAT scores will give you a really nice cushion as you go into the admissions process. While NYU may be your dream school, chances are that there other schools on your list too. For that reason weve put together a post covering the SAT score range for each of the top 100 colleges and universities in America. More than one goal score never hurt anyone! NYU Admissions By the Numbers: NYU ACT Scores For students who submitted ACT scores and were admitted to NYU in 2016, the 25th percentile score was 29; the 75th percentile score was 33. Same drill here. Shooting for the 75th percentile of NYU ACT scores will make your own score competitive, so try to aim for a 33 ââ¬â and definitely make a point to score a 29 or higher. A Note on Re-Taking the Exam Itââ¬â¢s also important to note here that you can take both the SAT and the ACT more than once. People who work in admissions understand that students get nervous, and that their first test score is not always the best they can do. NYU super scores, which means they will make their decisions based on the highest scores you get ââ¬â even if that means taking the Math score from one SAT attempt and your Evidence-Based Reading and Writing score from another (same goes for the ACT). So even if theres just one section you could see yourself improving in, it may be worth taking the test again. The Takeaway A well-rounded application is extremely important. Scores arenââ¬â¢t everything. However, test prep should be your friend! There are a lot of parts of the admissions process that you wonââ¬â¢t be able to control, but your SAT or ACT scores are something that you can have a real say in. If attending NYU is your dream, then you need to start planning early. Figure out whether the SAT or ACT is best for you. Take the PSAT or PreACT your sophomore year. Create a study schedule that fits into your busy life. I would strongly recommend finding a test prep program that works for you (consider checking out the Free 1-Week SAT Trial or the Free 1-Week ACT Trial from Magoosh). Think about taking the test twice if you need to. Prepare yourself to the best of your ability ââ¬â if youââ¬â¢ve done your best, thereââ¬â¢s nothing to regret. Hopefully, NYU will admit you with open arms (and a lot financial aid)! But, if not, there are many of other amazing universities out there that would love to add you to their community. Thatââ¬â¢s what happened to me. ðŸËâ° But for now, itââ¬â¢s time to get studying!
Thursday, June 4, 2020
Preventive Law Bernard Baker vs. James W.Ratzlaff - 1375 Words
Preventive Law: Bernard Baker vs. James W.Ratzlaff (Case Study Sample) Content: NameInstructorCourseDate of submissionPreventive Law: Bernard Baker vs. James W.RatzlaffPart 1The legal dispute involves two parties; Bernard Baker of the Baker Popcorn Company (Plaintiff) and the James W. Ratzlaff (Defendant). The appellate court reviewed judgment passed by the district court and upheld the ruling made.The two parties entered into a contract whereby the plaintiff was to provide popcorn seeds to the defendant at an agreed price (Baker v Ratzlaff). Defendant was required to shell and deliver the popcorn to the plaintiffà ¢Ã¢â ¬s premises, which was his plant in Salford. The plaintiff was to purchase the popcorn from the defendant at $4.75 per hundredweight.According to the contract, if Baker failed or refuses to pay the defendant, then the undelivered popcorn would be disposed of off by the defendant in any way he likes. Other terms of the contract concerned the quality of popcorn to delivered and interest that plaintiff would pay on the popcorn th at was stored by the defendant from the time of harvest to delivery.Plaintiffà ¢Ã¢â ¬s argumentsThe plaintiff disagrees with the district courtà ¢Ã¢â ¬s computation of damages, as recorded in Baker v Ratzlaff (s289). He argues that, for the purpose of establishing the correct damages due to him, the district court had refused to consider the fluctuation of popcorn market price that was between $10.50 and 20.00 per hundred weight. Therefore, the defendant felt, he was supposed to receive much more than $52,000 as compensation. He had to pay $10.30 for some replacement popcorn, an amount that was $5.55 higher than that in the terminated contract.Defendantà ¢Ã¢â ¬s argumentsHe finds that the district court was wrong to admit evidence that was outside the contract agreement. Ratzlaff argues that the trial court was wrong in ruling that he [the defendant] erred in terminating the contract. The defendant states that he was in no obligation of good faith in terminating the agreeme nt Baker v Ratzlaff (s.288). He further argues that even if he was under any such obligation, he terminated the contract in good faith. He proceeded to maintain his stand on the good faith obligation that in terminating a contract, it [the obligation of good faith] is not performance or enforcement of a contract.Courtà ¢Ã¢â ¬s legal reasons for its decisionsIn response to the defendantà ¢Ã¢â ¬s issue that the trial court erred in considering evidence extrinsic to the agreement, the appellate court cited K.S.A. 60-404 (288). This case provided that erroneous admission of evidence shall not cause a verdict to be set aside or a ruling reversed. Concerning the defendantà ¢Ã¢â ¬s claim that he was wrong to terminate the case based on the obligation of good faith, as appears in Baker v Ratzlaff, the court cited K.S.A 84-1-203. (s.288). The ruling here was that every contract in that act imposes an obligation of good faith in its performance or enforcement. The "unconscionability" concept argued by the defendant was struck down. The appellate court found that the provision in the contract which permitted termination upon failure to pay on delivery was subject to various interpretations.In the computation of damages to the plaintiff, the court held that the difference between contract and market price when the plaintiff learned of defendantà ¢Ã¢â ¬s nondelivery was correct and cited K.S.A. 84-2-713 (s.290). I agree with the courtà ¢Ã¢â ¬s final ruling that fair compensation was awarded and that the defendantà ¢Ã¢â ¬s presentations were struck down, with clear references to earlier related rulings.Part 2Having analyzed the appellate courtà ¢Ã¢â ¬s decision, I find that it was largely fair. The record, however, seems to have given a limited account of the proceedings at the district court. Plaintiff had argued to the appellate court that extrinsic evidence to the contract had been admitted to the trial court. The major downside of this record is its à ¢Ã¢â ¬ failure to give an account of the said evidence. Its presentation in this account would have an effect, although not major on my overall view of the appellate court final decision.Another instance where this record has failed in giving full information is where the plaintiff faults the district court in awarding him proper compensation arising out of the termination of the contract by the defendant. The record does not show any offers of evidence by the plaintiff to establish the market fluctuation price of $10.50 to $20.00 (s.289) The court was, however, right because, whereas compensation was rightfully due to the plaintiff, it had to be such that he only benefits to the extent to which he had suffered loss. The plaintiff paid $10.30 for the replacement popcorn, $5.55 higher than what he would have paid had the defendant not terminated the contract. The plaintiff was seeking higher compensation based on fluctuating market price but the court rightfully based it [compen sation] on the actual price he paid for replacement popcorn.In reviewing this case, I find that the defendant could be excused for desiring a higher return for his popcorn since it is the ordinary nature of businesspeople to work for profit. I have observed that the defendant was nonappreciative of the fact that the plaintiff would provide the popcorn seed and make orders. The contract was relatively attractive to both parties until Ratzlaff realized that he could make more profit if he sold the popcorn to some other buyer. The contract he had entered into with Baker had lost its attractiveness, and he devised a means through which to free himself from it. He, therefore, terminated it on the fact that Baker had not paid him for two deliveries made earlier. The termination was wrong as one can clearly read malice in its execution. Baker made payments as soon as he received notice of the termination. Although the defendant accepted the payment, he had already terminated the agreement and sold popcorn to another buyer.This dispute would be prevented if the defendant had adhered to t...
Tuesday, May 26, 2020
What Should You Write About?
What Should You Write About?There are various topics to write an essay on, so what should you write about? This is a question many students face as they prepare for university admissions. Do you know that some of the topics are already known by many of the colleges? Do you know which topic to write about to get an edge over the competition?If you want to succeed in your career as a public speaker, essay writing is a must. Why? Well, as public speakers, you will need to master all aspects of the art. When you write an essay, you will need to explain your public speaking skills and how you use them to motivate people. It is good if you can tell stories from your past to give context to your public speaking skills.Scholarship essays are very important for you if you want to land a scholarship. You can also write an essay on what benefits you gained from your scholarship. Some scholarship agencies may consider essay questions that have positive answers.If you have not written an essay be fore, this is one way to learn the basics. Do not worry if you do not understand the concept. If you go to college and take further study, you will understand what is required in your essay. Most of the times, you can ask an expert who can guide you in writing a scholarship essay. If you cannot afford the tuition fee, you can take an online course to write an essay.Essays, when written correctly, will help you improve your grades and will enhance your reputation. As you finish your college education, you should be very confident to submit your essay. Knowing what to write and how to write a scholarship essay will make your work easier.There are many colleges and universities that offer scholarships for essay writers. If you are interested in this kind of program, visit the websites of these institutions and look out for what kinds of essay writing topics they offer. Some offer the opportunity to write an essay on either a topic that does not matter in college or on a topic related t o your area of interest.Essay writing requires focus and diligence, but it is one of the most important things you will ever do in your life. It is not easy to write an essay, but if you know what to write and how to write a scholarship essay, you will do well.
Tuesday, May 19, 2020
Leadership Skills And Styles Of Dr. Brown - 1991 Words
Dr. Tim Brown is the current principal of Palmer Lake Elementary School. Dr. Brown holds BA in Philosophy, M. Ed. in Special Education and PhD in Educational Leadership and possesses 15 years of experience in administering urban school districts. Moreover, Dr. Brown has a passion for students, families and staff. The principal believes in authenticity, commitment, fairness, tenacity, playfulness and vision as the fundamental hallmarks of leadership. In his current position, he shapes the vision of academic success and instructional competence for students and teachers. Also, the principal has a responsibility to create a climate and environment that is hospitable for learning. Moreover, Dr. Brown cultivates leadership in other teachers and is accountable to external stakeholders such as parents and state education authorities concerning the schoolââ¬â¢s performances and use of resources. This case study examines the leadership skills and styles of Dr. Brown as well as the challeng es he meets on his day-to-day activities as a school principal. Effective educational leadership is a continuous process that involves self-examination, learning from others, collaboration and sustainable use of resources to accomplish the goals and objectives of school districts. Overview of Palmer Lake Elementary School Palmer Lake Elementary School is a public elementary school located in Brooklyn Park, Minnesota. The school has 678 students with majority being White and non-Hispanic. The teacherShow MoreRelatedEssay on My Experience in the Student Leadership Program937 Words à |à 4 Pages My experience in the student leadership program was interesting and informative. These are two descriptive words that stand out in my mind about the whole program. 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While this is a challenging situation in any field, it is of extreme significance in the healthcare setting, where quality of service, trust, and ultimately peoples lives are dependant. In addition, leadership-- whether it be positive or negative-- will have a direct implication on staff interactions, continuousRead MoreDr. Martin Luther King s Leadership Essay2136 Words à |à 9 PagesTable of Contents INTRODUCTION 3 BACKGROUND 3 Bus Boycott in Montgomery 4 LEADERSHIP STYLE 5 Kingââ¬â¢s Leadership type 5 Kingââ¬â¢s Leadership Models 5 INFLUENCE IN THE ARTS 6 CONCLUSION 7 REFERENCES 8 INTRODUCTION Only a few of many leaders in history have been known as being great and living by example, as their actions and accomplishments have positively affected their intimate society or even the world. Dr. Martin Luther King in my opinion is one of these few leaders. Martin LutherRead MoreInternational Dimensions Of Organizational Behavior1911 Words à |à 8 Pagesglobalized business has a demand for managers with cross-cultural management skills. International dimensions of organizational behavior for better decision making The understanding of the international dimensions of organizational behavior helps managers make better decisions in three major parts: the managerial functions, the managerial skills and the managerial facts of life. There was once a Chinese business man call Dr. An Wang. He was a Chinese American computer engineer who has electrical engineeringRead MoreEthical Leadership Is Mostly About Leadership Integrity2938 Words à |à 12 PagesTopic 2: Ethical leadership is mostly about leadership integrity. Discuss. Introduction A recent study conducted in 2010 among UK and some European companies, revealed that the most prominent ethical issues to organisations includes harassment, bribery, corruption and facilitation payments, and whistle blowing (Wesley et al. 2011). Thus, it is important that ethics must indeed embark from the top. Leaders cannot escape from their responsibility to establish a moral example for their followers.
Sunday, May 17, 2020
Final Fantasy to World of Warcraft The Benefits of Video...
In the 21st century, society is noticing a drastic change in the new generation. Going outside has become a thing of the past for some and many parents struggle to get their children to stop playing video games. Submersed in the world of violent video games, society has started to scorn the idea of them. Though video games seem to have a lot of drawbacks, other parts of society encourage the development of video games. While many believe that video games are detrimental to society they actually hold many benefits for all age ranges. William Higinbotham, a nuclear physicist lobbied for nuclear nonproliferation as the first chair of the Federation of American Scientists, created the first video game Tennis for Two. At Brookhavens labsâ⬠¦show more contentâ⬠¦The idea of video games putting people in different mental zones was proven through a randomized controlled trial with a group of clinically depressed adults. The experiments results showed a reduction in tension, anger, depression, fatigue and increase in vigor which was supported by associated changes in brain activity and heart rate variability (Johnson, 2013). Video games are proving to help with a life-long mental condition in a way that doesnt require a strict regimen of drugs. Jane Burns, chief executive of the young and well co-operative research center at the University of Melbourne, said gaming could provide stress relief and social engagement. The benefits of moderate video game play for children has extended to greater positive emotions, havi ng less risky friendship networks, better self-esteem, and higher levels of family closeness (Johnson, 2013). Positive emotions result in better mental wellness as well as a greater capacity to react in the correct fashion to unexpected events in peoples lives. Burns research has shown that playing video games result in improvements in mood, reductions in stress, and feeling of competence and autonomy (Johnson, 2013). Improved states of mind will lead to better interactions with people in addition to a less likely chance of depression developing. Video games also have a positive effect on the social aspect of peoples lives. In theShow MoreRelatedVideo Games : A New Realm Of Possibility1765 Words à |à 8 Pages The persona that the average video gamer is an obvious one. To many, the term ââ¬Å"gamerâ⬠tends to inspire the idea of a young, lonely boy who consumes a little too much junk food on a daily basis. This solitude is exactly what is wrong with the gamer stereotype. Todayââ¬â¢s gamers are experiencing the forefront of technology. An effective combination of new technology and cultural practices has thrust gamers into a new realm of possibility. Gamers are not social outcasts, but rather social pioneers. FromRead MoreIs Games Good Or Not For Human Development?1270 Words à |à 6 PagesGames are an essential part of all cultures throughout the world and are one of the oldest form of human interaction. It has been around human being since 3000 BC by the discovery of the oldest board games in Turkey and since the n, games has been developing rapidly (Attia 2014). Nowadays, most people love to do it as a nice way to spend their leisure time because it makes them feel relaxed, enjoyed, or even make money by doing it. There are many types of games such as board games, card games, roleplayingRead MoreVideo Games And Its Effects On Society2285 Words à |à 10 PagesFrom the inception of Pong to the latest chapter of the video game series Assassinââ¬â¢s Creed, virtual gaming has been scorned and shunned as a detriment to society. Older generations speculate that incessant gaming in young children insinuates violence, antipathy, lack of creative initiative, and develops an unhealthy isolation from the real world. However, in recent years, these postulates have been put to the test; a number of scientists have conducted experimentation in order to discover whetherRead MoreA Research Proposal of the Effects of Online Gaming4846 Words à |à 20 Pagestitle and its Background Introduction: Over the past two decades, electronic games have become ingrained in our culture. Childrenââ¬â¢s fixation with these games initially alarmed parents and educators, but educational researchers soon questioned whether the motivation to play could be tapped and harnessed for educational purposes. However, although many claim that educational potential lies within video games, they still have not been universally been regarded as a quality learning tool. PatriciaRead MoreA Research Proposal of the Effects of Online Gaming4838 Words à |à 20 Pagestitle and its Background Introduction: Over the past two decades, electronic games have become ingrained in our culture. Childrenââ¬â¢s fixation with these games initially alarmed parents and educators, but educational researchers soon questioned whether the motivation to play could be tapped and harnessed for educational purposes. However, although many claim that educational potential lies within video games, they still have not been universally been regarded as a quality learning tool. PatriciaRead MoreEffects of Playing on-Line Computer Games in Academic Performance of Students?3223 Words à |à 13 PagesTitle:The Effects of playing on-line computer games in academic performance of students? Background of the study: The aim of this paper is to investigate a comparatively untouched area of research into games and education: whether or not there is a link between the frequency with which computer and video games are played, and academic achievement, as measured by traditional examination results, of those who play them. An online game is a game played over some form of computer network. ThisRead MoreCybersex10501 Words à |à 43 Pagesmessages describing a sexual experience. It is a form of sexual role play in which the participants pretend they are having actual sex. In one form, this fantasy sex is accomplished by the participants describing their actions and responding to their chat partners in a mostly written form designed to stimulate their own sexual feelings and fantasies. Cybersex sometimes includes real life masturbation. The quality of a cybersex encounter typically depends upon the participants abilities to evoke a vividRead MoreDesigning a Customer Driven Statergy23698 Words à |à 95 Pagesidentifies different ways to segment the market and develops profiles of the resulting market segments. Market targeting (or targeting) consists of evaluating each market segmentââ¬â¢s attractiveness and select one or more market segments to enter. In the final two steps, the company decides on a value propositionââ¬âon how it will create value for target customers. Differentiation involves actually differentiating the firmââ¬â¢s market offering to create superior customer value. Positioning consists of arranging
Saturday, May 16, 2020
A Brief History of the Pledge of Allegiance
The U.S. Pledge of Allegiance to the Flag was written in 1892 by then 37-year-old minister Francis Bellamy. The original version of Bellamyââ¬â¢s pledge read, ââ¬Å"I pledge allegiance to my Flag and the Republic, for which it stands,ââ¬âone nation, indivisibleââ¬âwith liberty and justice for all.â⬠By not specifying to which flag or which republic allegiance was being pledged, Bellamy suggested that his pledge could be used by any country, as well as the United States. Bellamy wrote his pledge for inclusion in the Boston-published Youths Companion magazine ââ¬â ââ¬Å"The Best of American Life in Fiction Fact and Comment.â⬠The pledge was also printed on leaflets and sent to schools throughout the United States at the time. The first recorded organized recital of the original Pledge of Allegiance took place on Oct. 12, 1892, when some 12 million American school children recited it to commemorate the 400-year anniversary of the voyage of Christopher Columbus. Despite its widespread public acceptance at the time, important changes to the Pledge of Allegiance as written by Bellamy were on the way. Change In Consideration of Immigrants By the early 1920s, the first National Flag Conference (source of the U.S. Flag Code), the American Legion, and the Daughters of the American Revolution all recommended changes to the Pledge of Allegiance intended to clarify its meaning when recited by immigrants. These changes addressed concerns that since the pledge as then written failed to mention the flag of any specific country, immigrants to the United States might feel that they were pledging allegiance to their native country, rather than the U.S., when reciting the Pledge. So in 1923, the pronoun ââ¬Å"myâ⬠was dropped from the pledge and the phrase ââ¬Å"the Flagâ⬠was added, resulting in, ââ¬Å"I pledge allegiance to the Flag and Republic, for which it stands,ââ¬âone nation, indivisibleââ¬âwith liberty and justice for all.â⬠A year later, the National Flag Conference, in order to completely clarify issue, added the words ââ¬Å"of America,â⬠resulting in, ââ¬Å"I pledge allegiance to the Flag of the United States of America and to the Republic for which it stands,ââ¬âone nation, indivisibleââ¬âwith liberty and justice for all.â⬠Change in Consideration of God In 1954, the Pledge of Allegiance underwent its most controversial change to date. With the threat of Communism looming, President Dwight Eisenhower pressed Congress to add the words ââ¬Å"under Godâ⬠to the pledge.à In advocating for the change, Eisenhower declared it would ââ¬Å"reaffirm the transcendence of religious faith in Americaââ¬â¢s heritage and futureâ⬠and ââ¬Å"strengthen those spiritual weapons which forever will be our countryââ¬â¢s most powerful resource in peace and war.â⬠On June 14, 1954, in a Joint Resolution amending a section of the Flag Code, Congress created the Pledge of Allegiance recited by most Americans today: ââ¬Å"I pledge allegiance to the flag of the United States of America, and to the republic for which it stands, one nation under God, indivisible, with liberty and justice for all.â⬠What About Church and State? Over the decades since 1954, there have been legal challenges to the constitutionality of the inclusion of ââ¬Å"under Godâ⬠in the pledge. Most notably, in 2004, when an avowed atheist sued the Elk Grove (California) Unified School District claiming that its pledge recital requirement violated his daughterââ¬â¢s rights under the First Amendmentââ¬â¢s Establishment and Free Exercise Clauses. In deciding the case of Elk Grove Unified School District v. Newdow, the U.S.à Supreme Court failed to rule on the question of the words ââ¬Å"under Godâ⬠violating the First Amendment. Instead, the Court ruled that the plaintiff, Mr. Newdow, did not have legal standing to file the suit because he lacked sufficient custody of his daughter. However, Chief Justice William Rehnquist and Justices Sandra Day Oââ¬â¢Connor and Clarence Thomas wrote separate opinions on the case, stating that requiring teachers to lead the Pledge was constitutional. In 2010, two federal appeals courts ruled in a similar challenge that ââ¬Å"the Pledge of Allegiance does not violate the Establishment Clause because Congressââ¬â¢ ostensible and predominant purpose was to inspire patriotismâ⬠and ââ¬Å"both the choice to engage in the recitation of the Pledge and the choice not to do so are entirely voluntary.â⬠à Pledge of Allegiance Timeline September 18, 1892: Francis Bellamyââ¬â¢s pledge is published in ââ¬Å"The Youths Companionâ⬠magazine to celebrate the 400th anniversary of the discovery of America. October 12, 1892: The pledge is first recited in American schools.à à 1923: The original wording ââ¬Å"my Flagâ⬠is replaced by ââ¬Å"the flag of the United States of America.â⬠1942: The pledge is officially recognized by the U.S. government. 1943: The U.S. Supreme Court rules that requiring a person to say the pledge is a violation of the First and Fourteenth Amendments to the Constitution.à June 14, 1954: At the request of President Dwight D. Eisenhower, Congress adds ââ¬Å"under Godâ⬠to the pledge. 1998: Atheist Michael Newdow files suit against the school board of Broward County, Florida to get the phrase under God removed from the pledge. The suit is dismissed. 2000: Newdow files a lawsuit against Elk Grove Unified School District in California arguing that forcing students to listen to the words under Godâ⬠is a violation of the First Amendment. The case reaches the Supreme Court in 2004, where it is dismissed. 2005: Joined by parents in the Sacramento, California, area, Newdow files a new lawsuit seeking to have the phrase under God from the Pledge of Allegiance. In 2010, the 9th Circuit US Court of Appeals denies Newdowââ¬â¢s appeal finding that the pledge does not represent a government endorsement of religion, as prohibited by the Constitution. May 9, 2014: The Massachusetts Supreme Court rules that because reciting the Pledge of Allegiance is a patriotic, rather than a religious, exercise, saying the words ââ¬Å"under Godâ⬠does not discriminate against atheists.
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