A Bilingual Journey From Two Different Cultures - 988 Words

A bilingual journey from two different cultures, Amy Tan and Richard Rodriguez recounts their joys and pains of growing up in an english speaking country. An American born Chinese, Tan was born to immigrant parents from China, while Rodriguez hails from a spanish American-Mexican background, and just like Tan, was also born and raised in the United States. Although both writers grew up in native speaking homes, each varied in terms of parental influence on their second language. On similarities, not only are both writers English majors, they are also considered to be successful in their respective writing careers. Tan is an English major graduate with a masters in Linguistics. Along with the rest of Tan’s bestselling writings is her first novel the â€Å"Joy Luck Club† which was made into a movie. A writer, lecturer and editor for major newspapers and other world known press, the same literacy success story applies to Rodriguez who had earned his BA in English in prestigious Stanford University. Tan’s essay on Mother Tongue depicts a story of a daughter who grew up learning different type of â€Å"Englishes† (510). The latter described as the kind of English wherein one may regard as â€Å"simple†, yet she fondly refers to as her â€Å"Mother’s English.† In addition to those Englishes is the â€Å"broken English† or Tan’s mother’s communication style with her. Lastly is Tan’s own translation of her mother’s English which she described as â€Å"watered down† An impression that is distinctlyShow MoreRelatedThe Benefits of Bilingualism1605 Words   |  7 PagesLanguage and culture diversity have always been an intercontinental barrier in the past. Now, many people have learned to acquire other languages for them to destroy that barrier and also maybe to appreciate and learn other cultures that may one day help them towards becoming universal citizens. Some people have argued that these people, known as bilinguals, are tainting their respective cultures by learning a different language and learning other cultures. As a result, these bilinguals end up beingRead MoreThe Benefits of Bilingualism1596 Words   |  7 PagesLanguage and culture diversity have always been an intercontinental barrier in the past. Now, many people have learned to acquire other languages for them to destroy that barrier and also maybe to appreciate and learn other cultures that may one day help them towards becoming universal citizens. Some people have argued that these people, known as bilinguals, are tainting their respective cultures by learning a different language and learning other cultures. As a result, these bilinguals end up beingRead MoreIn A Country, Full Of Many Different Languages, Nationalities,1374 Words   |  6 Pagesof many different languages, nationalities, and cultures, it is known that many of them are in the process of learning the English language. Which isn’t an easy task. They not only learn to speak the language, but strive to learn to read the language. They deal with man struggles. However, there are many benefits. Those benefits include, but are not limited to, having a knowledge of diversity, a polycot brain, motivation and drive, and job opportunities. One benefit of becoming bilingual as a childRead MoreMy Experience With Becoming Bilingual937 Words   |  4 Pagesfell in love with the language and culture that we were learning about and wanted to experience it for myself. Every day we learned about the history of Spain and the lives of people living there now. For me, it is not enough to just read about it. This dream of going to study in Spain is something that I will never quit working towards. I know that if I want to be bilingual, going to Spain would be the perfect place to work on that challenge. Becoming bilingual is one of the greatest challenges IRead MoreLanguage Is The Best Choice For My Family Essay1317 Words   |  6 PagesWith each passing day of our lives we are faced with the realization that this world is ever shrinking. We encounter new neighbors from other countries, colleagues who speak more than one language, and friends of our children come from various walks of life and far away countries. It is evident that our own children need to be prepared for this global society in which they will travel as young adults sooner than we care to imagine. As a parent of three children and an educator of thousands I liveRead MoreEssay about Bilingual Education: Building Bridges2170 Words   |  9 PagesBilingual education, as an educational program, was initially promoted by educators in the seventies (Hunger of Memory 26) and since then has been a topic of many debates in America. Some argue that bilingual education only serves as a detriment to American culture. Others argue that bilingual education is beneficial to those who come to live in America and want to become a part of the culture, but lack proficiency in the English language. Two authors, who have each taken opposite sides of the debateRead MoreElements Of My Identity1396 Words   |  6 Pages A person’s identity is formed based on a variety of different factors. Every day, each individual on this planet is currently developing the elements of establishing an actual identity. An identity can be built through culture, family, friends, personal experiences, aspirat ions, interests, and even genetics! Some aspects tend to have a greater impact on creating a persons’ identity, and other aspects tend to have greater importance in a persons’ life than others. These factors are what make eachRead MoreBorderland Gloria Anzaldï ¿ ½a Feminist Analysis935 Words   |  4 Pagesextensive journey with the quest to inspire women and to advocate women right in a male governed the world. Gloria Anzaldà ºa and Maxine Kingston both scrutinize feminism in the framework of â€Å"Borderland: La Frontera: The New Mestiza† and â€Å"The Women Warrior† encouraging women to occupy a strong position in the post-colonial male led civilization. The author both traces the journey of women struggle to achieve rewarding role within the structure shaped by men. The alliance of different voice from disregardedRead MoreA Foreign Language Course : Beneficial For Ucsc Students1657 Words   |  7 PagesA Foreign Language Course: Beneficial for UCS C Students Most college-bound students in the United States require a foreign language study for a minimum of two years during high school in order to satisfy the A-G requirements which colleges glances over in college application so they can verify that the student’s subjects are academically challenging [6]. I ask, why does college require students a foreign language class to begin with, if once students arrive to college, university drop the foreignRead More`` Se Habla Espanol ``844 Words   |  4 Pagesisolated herself from the stereotype she constructed in her head. She was insulted to be called Mexican and to her speaking the Spanish language translated into being poor. She had felt superior to Latino waitresses and their maid when she told them that she didn’t speak Spanish. After the shift in society Barrientos wondered where she fit it since the Spanish language was the glue that held the new Latino American community together. Barrientos then set out on a difficult awkw ard journey to learn the

Criminal Justice Case Study - 712 Words

Zion first became involved in the justice system at age 14. His legal history includes two intake contacts. Zion has had an intake contact for a felony offense. None of the intake contacts was for felony offenses against another person. He has no history of escape. He has had three juvenile detention confinements. On May 18, 2017, Zion was released from detention to the custody of his guardian and was ordered on electronic monitoring. On July 19, 2017, Zion appeared with his mother before the Honorable Judge Alotha C. Willis of the Portsmouth Juvenile and Domestic Relations Court charged with burglary, grand larceny and destruction of property. Prior to any evidence being heard, a plea agreement was reached between the Commonwealths†¦show more content†¦Zion is sometimes subject to appropriate consequences for bad behavior and consistently receives appropriate rewards for good behavior. His guardian sometimes supervises inappropriately. Nevertheless, his guardian sometimes disapproves of his behavior. Zions home features some conflict that is distressing, verbal intimidation, yelling and heated arguments and some conflict, but it is well managed. There are very negative elements within the family environment. These elements include his mother’s criminal history and Zion’s lack of stability. His family provides some opportunities for growth but inconsistently provides love, caring and support. Zion has a close relationship with his brother and extended family. There is a moderate social support network for Zions family. Zion is currently living with his maternal aunt Dawn Riddick and his mother Wanda Riddick. Zions aunt shares joint custody with Zions godmother Ms. Alethia Fugua who does not live in the same home. There is some concern about Zions supervision in the home. Zions aunt reports she supervises Zion to the best of her ability. Ms. Riddick reported Zion is supervised by his biological mother while she is at work. Zions mother, Wanda Riddick, was recently released from prison and is trying to be actively involved in Zions life. The family reported Zion does not follow household rules nor does he comply with verbal directions. Zions guardians reported he is often on the porch while on electronicShow MoreRelatedResearch Methods in Criminal Justice and Relevant Terminologies1202 Words   |  5 PagesMethods in Criminal Justice: Research is widely recognized as the basic technique for advancing a body of knowledge across various professions including the criminal justice field. This tool has the ability of enhancing a body of knowledge because it assists students, scholars, professionals in the criminal justice field, and governmental policy makers to determine effective methods for various issues like law enforcement, prevention of crime, and corrections. For students in criminal justice, learningRead MoreAfrican American Criminal Justice Graduates in the Real World715 Words   |  3 PagesPurpose of the Study Does obtaining a degree in a particular field grantee you a successful career within that field? As for African Americans, will most criminal justice graduates have a career in their field of study post graduation? How long will it take to achieve a career in the criminal justice field? The theme of this research is to examine the advantages of obtaining a criminal justice degree and how effective it is within individuals’ careers within the field of criminal justice. Through thisRead MoreCases And Labeling Theory : Case Analysis971 Words   |  4 Pages Cases and Labeling Theory However, in further details we decided to write about two cases that have been solved one with a negative result and another with a positive outcome with racial bias in capital cases. â€Å"However, The Baldus Study has given a big lead to the disagreement in the allegations in the Georgia courtroom against capital punishment which has pertained to an African American in the equal justice†(Baldus Study,2015). Another important case in our court system is the McCleskey v. KempRead MoreAnnotated Bibliography On Crime And Justice1538 Words   |  7 PagesAnnotated Bibliography on Crime and Justice Crime may simply be referred to as an offense against the state or against morality and is punishable by law, while justice is the fairness practiced during judgment of cases usually in instances where crime has taken place. Crime and justice go hand in hand as commonly evident in a case whereby a criminal is apprehended and taken to a court of law, then a ruling of justice practiced on the case and fairness used in passing of judgments. In most governmentsRead MoreCase Study Term 2 Unit 4 Assignment750 Words   |  3 PagesCASE STUDY 2 Criminal Justice professionals have certain responsibilities and duties in order to fulfill the needs of society. Criminal justice professionals are the backbone to any society and they are given certain authority and power by the government to protect its citizens. This sets them apart from the general population. They are expected to fulfill the vast amount of duties expected of them in a professional manner. Criminal justice professionals are expected to haveRead MoreRestorative Justice vs. the Criminal Justice System965 Words   |  4 PagesIntroduction Restorative justice is a humanistic way of addressing the gap that exists between constructive resolution of crime and the institutional systems devised by societies to address crime and manage criminals. The tack that restorative justice takes is to ameliorate the impact of crime on victims and other individuals, and to establish a responsive model of crime prevention and response to criminal incidents. Conventional criminal justice relies on the threat of punishment in order toRead MoreThe Bearing of Race and Ethnicity in the Criminal Justice System1285 Words   |  5 Pagesas to whether or not race and ethnicity have a bearing on an individual’s treatment in the criminal justice system for many years. I will be arguing that race and ethnicity do in fact, have a bearing on one’s treatment in the criminal justice system. I will be backing up my position on this topic by providing evidence from five scholarly articles. My first source is African Americans and the Criminal Justice system by Phyllis Gray-Ray, Melvin C. Ray, Sandra Rutland, and Sharon Turner. The authors’Read MorePlea Bargains : Criminal Justice System1510 Words   |  7 Pagesthe United States today, plea bargains are the way in which the majority of the criminal court cases get resolved. â€Å"Plea bargains are extraordinarily common in the American legal system, accounting for roughly 90% of all criminal cases. Many countries, however, do not allow plea bargains, considering them unethical or immoral† (â€Å"Plea Bargains: In Depth†). A plea bargain is an agreement that is made in a criminal case between the prosecutor and the defendant; normally, the defendant pleads guiltyRead MoreThe Criminal Justice System : An Analysis Of Income And Racial Inequality Essay1586 Words   |  7 PagesRyan Williams English 102 Professor 6 May 2015 The Criminal Justice System: an Analysis of Income and Racial Inequality In the history of civilized communities, one finds that different structures and practices are relevant and necessary to uphold and maintain order within society—hence, the establishment of the criminal justice system. The criminal justice system, according to the Oxford Dictionaries (2010), is defined as â€Å"the system of law enforcement that is directly involved in apprehendingRead MoreThe Development Of The American Justice System Essay1291 Words   |  6 PagesThe development of the American justice system is a captivating subject that can prompt to years of recorded study and investigation. A decent criminal justice graduate program will give you enough information to leave you wanting more as I gained from my time in school. The first settlers to America brought the criminal justice system of English custom-based law to our shores. The framework depended on the idea of Mens Reas (guilty mind) and the impact of the Catholic Church. There was marvelous

Music Captivating and Create Suspense - Free Samples to Students

Question: Discuss about the Music Captivating and Create Suspense. Answer: Introduction Sherlock Holmes is a film that was produced in the year 2009 and it was directed by Guy Ritchie. The film is British-American action film movie based on the character of Sherlock Holmes created by Sir Arthur Conan Doyle. The screen play is done by Michael Robert Johnson and the story developed by Wigram Johnson. In the film, detective Holmes and his colleague Watson are hired by a secret society to intercept a mystical plot to expand the British Empire through superpower means. Mark Strong acts as the villain Lord Henry Blackwood. The film uses music to create dram in the film and it is one of the aspects of the film that stood out most (Rogers Barham, 2017). The film received many positive reviews from film analysts. Due to this reason, the main actor Downey won the Golden Globe Award for Best Actor in a Musical or Comedy. Music is a toll that is widely used in films to create drama and to make scenes more emotional to the viewers. Almost all movies have an aspect of music and it is very important in determining how interesting and captivating the film is to the viewers. One of the uses of music in advancing drama in the Sherlock Holmes movie is that it is used to create a convincing atmosphere for film setting (Creekmur, 2011). It does this by tuning the mind of the audience to relate to the things that are happening in the film. The audience is able to feel involved in the film and their mind is carried away by the music and hence enhancing the drama in various scenes throughout the movie. The music such as the song Not in blood, But in Bond is used to by the producer to create drama through the scenes of the fights between Sherlock Holmes and Lord Henry. Instead of hearing the voice from the chanting crowds during the fight scenes, music is used to capture the attention of the audience to the action of the movie and hence creating drama throughout the fight scenes (Slowik, 2014). The audio elements in the film are arranged in a manner that prepares the audience for the next scene. The pitch of the sound changes from time to time. The voice of the singer is heard between the tunes and the rhythm is very high in most parts of the song. Dialogue in the fight scene starts after the song and its very well crafted because it helps the audience understand the scene better and why the protagonists are fighting. In the fight scene, there are both realistic and evocative sound effects. There are background and hard sound effects of people punches and clapping. The music in the scene is fast and its used it has varying chords and is made from many instruments. The pitch of the sound is also perfect to illustrate the scene to the audience. The film also maintains drama throughout by changing the pitch, rhythm, and tempo for the music used in the film. By changing this components and aspects of music in the film, it is possible to maintain high concentration of the audience. Changing the tone also helps in eliciting emotions as appropriate and hence create dram in the film (Tieber Windisch, 2014). Most of the fight scenes in the Sherlock Holmes are very rhythm and the music is mostly not about the words in the songs but the combination of sounds to create a tune that is captivating to the audience. Drama is also maintained throughout the fight scenes in Sherlock Holmes through the change of music themes and style. Throughout the film, the director is able to choose the right tracks for specific scenes and it has brought a very captivating and interesting perspective to the film. Each track has different them and the singing style is different. Some of the music is orchestra while some sound like rock music. The changes in style by the composer of the music Hans Zimmerman has given the film an edge since it is able to keep the audience fresh and entertained. The songs used in the film are enticing and they keep changing and hence drama is created throughout the movie. In addition to this, the use of instruments in the film is very critical in achieving high level drama in every scene of the movie. The sound tracks of the film are made using different music instruments which is a very rare fete for most film theme songs. The richness of the film in music instruments ensures different tunes and sounds are used to prepare the audience for the next action that they should expect from the movie. Some of the instruments used in the songs include: Basic strings which are; violin, bass, cello. A classical guitar is also used in the music used in the film. It is able to create different tunes and different pitch in the film to keep the drama in the film (Harper, Doughty, Eisentraut Allen, 2009). The other instruments used in the film include; banjo cimbalom and a broken piano. Some other unconventional instruments such as the Experibass are also used in the theme songs. The composer of the music used in the film indicates that one of the instruments funda mental in creating the songs used in the film is the piano. At first, he had his own piano which was de-tuned and it failed to achieve it is his goal and the kind of music he wanted to produce. Due to this, he decided to use a broken piano which produced excellent tunes for the film. The tempo of the music used in the film keeps changing. At the beginning of every fight scene in the film, the tempo is slow and it rises as you reach the middle of the song. After this, the tempo starts slowing down near the end of the song and hence the audience is prepared psychologically that the scene is about to end and another is about to begin. Diagestic and non-diagestic sounds are widely used in this film (Perkins, 2011). Majority of the sounds in the film are diagestic and they are actual sounds originating from the film itself. The voices of characters such as Holmes and McMurdo can be identified in fighting scene where McMurdo reminds him that they had fought before and he had beaten him. Non-diagestic sounds are also found to be used in the film in scenes like where the Holmes and Watson make deductions from the watch of a dead man. Modes and scale choices are also a major tool used to create drama in the film. Major scales alternate with minor scales and hence creating harmony in the chords which makes the music captivating and create suspense for the audience. Conclusion The report analyzes the film Sherlock Holmes. The fighting scenes where music is used are identified and the use of different music styles in the film is identified. Music is used to create drama and suspense in the film through the use of a variety of instruments which creates varying atmosphere depending on the scene. Different scales,tempo and diagetic and non-diagetic sounds are also used in the film and this is one of the factors that contributed to the high rated reviews it received after its release. References Creekmur, C. K. (2011). The International Film Musical. Edinburgh, Univ. Press. Harper, G., Doughty, R., Eisentraut, J., Allen, D. (2009). Sound And Music In Film And Visual Media: An Overview. Http://Site.Ebrary.Com/Id/10925629. Perkins, C. (2011). American Smart Cinema. Edinburgh, Edinburgh University Press. Rogers, H., Barham, J. (2017). The Music And Sound Of Experimental Film. Rothbart, P. (2013). The Synergy Of Film And Music: Sight And Sound In Five Hollywood Films. Lanham, Md, Scarecrow Press. Slowik, M. (2014). After The Silents: Hollywood Film Music In The Early Sound Era, 1926-1934. New York, Columbia University Press. https://Ebookcentral.Proquest.Com/Lib/Concordiaab-Ebooks/Detail.Action?Docid=1801703. Tieber, C., Windisch, A. K. (2014). The Sounds Of Silent Films: New Perspectives On History, Theory And Practice. https://Www.Dawsonera.Com/Depp/Reader/Protected/External/Abstractview/S9781137410726.

Renal Failure Normal Lower Level of Hematocrit

Questions: This involves Renal Disorders. For someone in untreated renal failure , list what types of alterations one would see for the following (including rationale why it would be altered in that way). 1. Hematocrit 2. Potassium 3. Calcium 4. Phosphate 5. pH 6. Creatinine Answers: Renal Failure 1. Hematocrit: In case of untreated renal failure kidneys fail to maintain a normal lower level of hematocrit. Anemia is said to be a known complication associated with renal deficiency and this is mostly because of abnormally low level of erythropoietin production. Hence, it can be suggested that renal insufficiency and the level of hematocrit is correlated.2. Potassium: kidneys help to maintain a balanced potassium level inside the human system. But in case of untreated renal failure the kidneys fail to remove excess potassium from the system and this results in high potassium build up in the blood.3. Calcium: in case if renal failure, calcium drains out from the bones and lost from the human system (Robles, 2008). This brings about a reduction in calcium level inside the human system. Normal level of calcium is approximately between 9.0-10.5mg/dL. But in case of renal failure the calcium level drops below 9.0mg/dL.4. Phosphate: Kidneys help to maintain calcium within the bone by g enerating active form of vitamin D and also by managing phosphate level, which is considered as a bone-strengthening mineral. The calcium and phosphate levels in the system are related like seesaw, if calcium level rises, phosphate level falls or vice-versa. Higher level of phosphate gives rise to low level of calcium that actually results weakened bones. 5. pH: Kidneys maintain proper pH balance within the system. Metabolic acidosis and subsequently academia takes place in case of kidney failure. In this condition the pH of the blood is low because of augmented hydrogen ions production or incapability of the system to produce bicarbonate inside the kidneys.6. Creatinine: In case of untreated renal failure the normal serum creatinine level reaches around 3mg/dL in an adult human system (Gupta, 2004). Creatinine is considered as a waste product, which comes from the muscle activity. Creatinine is removed by the kidneys, but if the kidney function slows down, the level of creatinine r ises. References Gupta, R. (2004). Calculation of Creatinine Clearance Based on Unadjusted Body Weight Leads to Errors in Renal and Heart Failure Patients.Circulation, 110(7), pp.e70-e70. Robles, N. (2008). Calcium Antagonists and Renal Failure Progression.Ren Fail, 30(3), pp.247-255.

Waqf And Poverty Eradication free essay sample

Philanthropy is linked to the concept of Islamic solidarity [tactful]. Islamic giving includes but not limited to Katz, Sad, and was. Katz is the third pillar of Islam and thus is required of all believers. It IS seen as a tool for more equitable distribution of wealth, achieving social stability and solidarity, discouraging hoarding and encourage circulation of capital. It is also seen as a way of spiritually cleansing oneself and purity of wealth.It has a special way of calculating and distribution which have evolved differently in arioso environments and economies. Sad which can also be translated to mean benevolence is voluntary giving of alms of all types and forms. It can be performed through voluntary work, in-kind contributions and free services. The beneficiaries are however not defined as it can be given by anyone to any other person he or she wishes. It is less structured and thus its use as an instrument of socio-economic development is limited. We will write a custom essay sample on Waqf And Poverty Eradication or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page Was on the other hand is a form of endowment of a resource in perpetuity. It can be performed on behalf someone who has passed away, usually for public good. The purpose of a was is set by the endowed and should only be changed in accordance with his or her will. (John Gerhard Center, 2006). This paper will focus on Was as one of the forms of Islamic Philanthropy and especially with respect of how it can be used to alleviate poverty and in socio- economic development. 1. DEFINING WAS, ITS CURRENT USAGE AND ITS LEGITIMACY A was is an inalienable religious endowment in Islam, typically devoting a building or plot of land for Muslim religious or charitable purposes. It IS conceptually similar to the common law trust. It has its source in the Shari a, or religious law of Islam. Islam is generally divided between the Sunnis and Shiite traditions. Although the Curran does not directly mention the institution FAQ, its legal parameters have been developed through centuries by jurists (UN Habitat, 2005).It is inspired from repetition and emphasis upon charity within Islam as an act of devotion to God. In accordance with the saying of the prophet Muhammad, Among acts and good deeds for which a believer is rewarded after death, a piece of knowledge he has taught and diffused, a virtuous son he has brought p, an inherited book Of Quern he has left, a mosque or a wayfarers house he has constructed, a river he has caused to stream or alms he has handed out of his riches while still healthy and alive, so that he benefits there from in afterlife.The institution of was is such a perpetual charity in the Islamic ethical system and is considered as a constituent ingredient of the poverty alleviation program of Islam. (http://www. Quaffs. Org. AZ/Library Resou rcesracesfWasiarticles aWasDNanopmdevelopmentqfHTMLn bWasid to be the locking up of the title of an owned asset from ispositionsuppositionment of its benefits for a specific purpose or purposes. Therefore, the asset can neither be disposed of; nor its ownership transferred. Only its benefits are to be used for the specific purpose(s), which is (are) mainly charitable in nature.In this sense, waqf is a wasetual charity and this perpetuity is its essential characteristic. The charitable purposes of waqftradithistrionicallyeducational institutions, orphanages, roads, religious establishments like mosques, graveyards among other public facilities. (Sadeq, 200Shade is important to note that Waqf is a Wasntary charity characterized by erpetuity.repertoryluntary in nature and hence it falls under the voluntary sector. Despite this attribute, deliberate attempts should be made to structure its consolidation and its application.In this way, the institution of waqf may bwasefully utilized to provide education, health care and physical facilities to target groups of people in a well developed povertyalloverexploitation2 The compulsory and optional charities in Islam such as Sadaqah, aShadet, deaKatzh the poverty problem by adopting basically a redistributive approach. Waqf on thWasher hand can be used to enhance the capabilities of he poor to take care of themselves by providing access to education, health, physical facilities and so on.To alleviate poverty, income-enhancement; improvement of non-income aspects such as health and education; and increasing access to physical facilities, resources and employment strategies should be e mployed. Thus, out of the three measures of poverty alleviation, the institution ofwaqf hasFAQt relevance to the second and the third measures, mentioned above, namely: improving on non-income aspects such as health, and education; increasing access to physical facilities, resources and employment. Waqf can hWasore eHerefordly address the issue of poverty in a new and comprehensive approach. (http://www. emeraldinsNearsightedlyghComVliningsenAppositenesss=PubIished/PushbikesuEmmerxultracentrifuge) 1. 2HTMLAL FRAMEWORK FOR WAQF The IWASic waqf arranwasnt allows the owner of property to tie up or settle his for the use of beneficiaries in perpetuity. waqf is fowasd once the owner (waqif) makWAISdeclaration that the income of the property is to be reserved permanently for a specific purpose. Waqf can bWasid to be a part of family law.The laws relating to the waqf are awastegral part of Islamic law (sharia). Sharisrelations with other areas of law and society such as inheritance, wills, gifts and marriage, thus Awqaf (PluGafff Waqf) are Waslly dealt with as part of family law. There are generally two basic forms of waqf pubwasand family/private. In the family endowment (waqf ahli)waspAllah, or its income, is held for the family of its founder, until the distinction Of his or her descendants, whereupon it is diverted to a charitable purpose.The charitable or public endowment (waqf khairwasnkarri the permanent dedication of property to charitable purposes. The majority of endowments (awqaf) aregaff, where the permanence and ecurity ofsecurityt of continuous charity, which is central to waqf, is ewasy evidenced. Some moveable amovableuch as furniture, books or farm animals, may be tied up in a waqf, but wasy has not always been regarded as the valid subject matter of a waqf.wasDuring the Ottoman period, in the 1 5th and 16th Centuries, a particular form of endowment or trust fund, the cas h waqf, by wwas money was settled for social and pious purposes, came to be approved by the courts. (UN Habitat, 2005). The manager (mutawalli/immutable Nazif is rewased to administer it in accordance with the terms of the deed which set it up, particularly its haritable heritable and according to the general expected standards of behaviour behaviors within Islam. The basic principles on awqaf remagaffe same throughout the Islamic world.However, there are variations in Islamic jurisprudence between the different schools (maddahib) Mohammadg the theories Of the waqf, as wwasas diversity in social practices, judicial attitudes. Widespread State intervention into, and regulation of, endowments has also led to considerable variation between different countries in the implementation of avuqaf. WhFAQ theory waqf propewasis dedicated to God, its temporalittemporarilyues overissuesrship of waqf. Opinwasis divided in the four major schools of law (maddahib, Mohammadon this question. nder ShiaEndercShihs the charitable endowments (vaqf, PersFAQ auqaf, pluquaffwere numerous and largely independent. During the Ottoman period waqf propewass where part of a cadastral astrald registered in the same manner as other land. Eventually, the State developed a special office for awqaf for gafftration, control and the clarification of titles. Where title 4 to waqf propewass could not be esta blishest.hblushed would take over the land in question. (UN Habitat, 2005). 0 ECONOMIC DECLINE OF WAQF ThrouWASistorical sources, there has been a marked decline of waqf, despwasits potentiality in socio-economic development. Some of the reasons for this decline were outlined by the UN Habitat (2005) as follows: a. ) Colonialism and waqf In sowasases colonial powers preferred a status quo with regard to awqaf whicgaffured stability as well as social legitimacy. However, the vast tracts of land without private ownership which were part of the Islamic endowment were an easy picking for colonial powers, particularly where religious dissent could be disregarded.The olonial enLeoniat also saw a decline in the legal status of women in the Muslim world, which affected their ability to exercise their property rights, including their rights to establish and manage awqaf. b. gafferBbase of the religious clergy (ulama) thrllamawaqf Over wasyears, waqf landhwasngs grew considerably, providing the learned religious elite (ulama) witllamaegree of economic independence from the central government and social legitimacy by taking credit for the benefits of waqf systewashe States concern over the power base of the clergy was often one of the reasons for regulation of awaqfs. c. quaffsCp>Problems of Perpetuity The perpetual nature of the family endowment (waqf ahli)wasnAllahat as generations succeeded generations, the number of beneficiaries increased to a point where the benefits accruing to an individual were insignificant. d. ) RigidDty of waqf Therewasa prevalent view, spearheaded by OrientalisOrientalsors, which holds that the rigidity of the institution of waqf was awas the main causes for the Islamic worlds economic disappointments. e. ) Post-Eolonial attitudes towards waqf Rathewasan modernize the waqf instiwasons, most post-colonial Muslim States sought its abolition or nationalization. ) Effect of nationalisnationalizationStatgafforts to control awqaf as agaffs of extending its power have been evident throughout Islamic history though they have been met with resistance. 3. 0 THE ROLE OF WAQF IN HIWASY According to Sadeq (200Shadehe new approach to the war against poverty, has several dimensions: income, non-income factors such as education and health, and access to physical facilities. If the institution of waqf can hwasin any or more of them, one can safely say that waqf has awase to play in poverty alleviation.Below, we shall use this criterion to see whether waqf has awasny coaddibution to poverty alleviation in history. Waqf like Wasity has a history older than Islam, which seems to have existed in ancient Mesopotamia, Greece, Rome as well as pre-lslamic Arlilaceties (Othman, 19Ottomant emerged as an important Islamic institution, and it got deeply rooted and flourished extensively in the Islamic civilizations. The Islamic model of waqf then wasuenced the world at large and thus some of the great institutions, like the famous Oxford University, have been established by following the Islamic model of waqf.wasIn Islamic history, waqf playewas import ant role in the provision of ducation, educationentres, ccentersfocenters-cultural activities in the form of mosques and shrines, as well as public goods such as roads and bridges. In some periods, such activities were based on waqf to suwasn extent that a large proportion of national land was waqf land waswed and earmarked for purposes that have direct bearings on poverty alleviation. In the middle of nineteenth century for example, endowment property agricultural land constituted half of the size of land in Algeria, whereas it amounted to one-third in Tunisia in 1883 and one-eighth in Egypt in 1949.Such endowments were among the basic support given to the authority of the caliphate in meeting the educational and health needs of society (Cizakca, 1Acacia 11). For centuries, the Muslim caliphates and states did not have departments or ministries to take care of public works, roads, bridges, mosques, schools, libraries or hospitals, for the yields of endowment properties used to cover those public needs. Besides land assets, cash waqf was awasutilized for the designated purposes. Cash waqf used wase established by the well-off people for some specific purposes.The endowed cash used to be invested or loaned ut to earnUTncome, and the target projects were financed by the earned income. According to Cizakca (1Acaciahealth, education and welfare activities of the Ottom an Caliphate were entirely financed by gifts and endowments. Thus, the institution of waqf has mwasits contributions in the provision of education, health and physical facilities, and hence should be treated as playing an important role in the poverty alleviation and socio-economic development agenda in history. . 1 CONTEMPORARY REVIVAL OF THE WAQF AlthoWASawqaf are gaffsarray having been abolished, nationalisnationalistsged,snagged growing evidence of the resurgence of interest, promotion and rethinking on the Islamic endowment as an institution. The IJN HabitaSINn its 2005 Report indicates that there has been an attempt to revive waqf in thwasllowing ways. a. ) Waqf An ciWassociety discourse The idea of waqf has nwasost its appeal, despite its official eclipse, for several reasons.An increasing number of non-governmental organizations, socio- political group and corporate entities are using waqf modelwassolicit and manage funds, cashing In on the appeal of authenticity of the idea. b. InternaBional support for the revival of waqf The pwastion of the waqf is onwas agenda of the OrganisatiOrganizationc Conference (OIC), as well as the Islamic Development Bank and The Islamic Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization (ISESCO). IISSUESlitically charged world, the ideologies of the beneficiaries and the founders/creators of awqaf altegaff perception of neutrality of the charitable endowment. . ) Waqf in StWasdiscourse Kuwait has been the leader among States interested in supporting both the reform of existing waqf and iwasxpansion. d. ) InnovDtion in the administrative structure of awqaf WaqfgaffoWascenturies been subject to innovative legal mechanisms. It was best administered where local actors had input into its functioning. The future revival of the institution will depend on the emphasis of the local role waqf playswasthey are best equipped to run it. There are many examples of how the waqf instiwason in its contemporary manifestation has adapted to modern management and regulatory frameworks.

Lodge And Wilson Essays - Cabot Family, Presidency Of Woodrow Wilson

Lodge and Wilson Political rivalries define American government. The dual-party system by nature sets up partisan rivalries between members of all three branches of our government ? rivalries that have at times pushed our government to progress and at other times slowed it to a grinding halt. The contrasting backgrounds and resulting political ideologies of Woodrow Wilson and Henry Cabot Lodge created a modern rivalry that defined American foreign policy in the twentieth century. Woodrow Wilson's religious background and academic pursuits shaped his personality into one characterized by impatience. Born in Virginia in 1856, Wilson grew up around strict Calvinist doctrine in the Presbyterian church (Lafeber 269-270). This theology served as the foundation for all of Wilson's endeavors, as he believed he was "guided by God's will" (Lafeber 270). The future President's first career path was law, but Wilson's inability to excel in the field bred in him distaste for the profession. Wilson hastily abandoned any thoughts of being a lawyer and pursued an academic career in political science. His refusal to give his law profession time to prosper represents a larger trend in Wilson's behavior of acting rashly when faced with adversity. Despite this impatience, he quickly rose to a high level of respect as a political scientist while attending Princeton University (Lafeber 269). Wilson's faith in God, bred from his Calvinist upbringing, further fueled his impatient personality as he believed that God would eventually guide him in the right direction if he "made efforts to improve" (Lafeber 270). This impatience defined most of Wilson's political philosophies and foreign policies. Like Wilson, Henry Cabot Lodge's educational background shaped his views toward American foreign policy. His family instilled in Lodge conservative values that melded the Senator as a man "whose nature and upbringing disposed him to be out of step with his times". His fiery personality that emerged during Lodge's tenure as a Senator was most likely a direct result of this conservative environment during his formative years. He would not budge from political positions he believed to be morally just, even though those terms manifested themselves in strictly conservative legislation in foreign policy (Widenor 44-47). Lodge had another concern over his career as a politician besides being a fierce advocate for conservatism in US foreign policy. While Lodge had to fight the "silver-spooned boy" stereotype on the Senate floor and on the campaign trail, he felt immense responsibility to the citizens of Massachusetts who elected him to his seat (Widenor 49). The rapid increase of industrialization within the United States, as well as increased immigration"brought new values and interests" to New England, made Lodge's job of representing Massachusetts in the Senate a much tougher task (Widenor 45). The threat of the increasing difficulty in pleasing all of Massachusetts' many peoples forced Lodge to be steadfast in his own. If his constituents ever had complaints with Lodge, he never wanted them to be able to truthfully say he did not stand up for what he believed was right. Lodge's background and uncertainty of future social standing lit a fire within him and led to his fiery temperament over key Senate issues that was Lodge's trademark for many years. The different backgrounds from which Wilson and Lodge arose to attain political power led them both to support American entry into World War I but pushed them away from one another in terms of foreign policy after the war's conclusion. Wilson's devout Calvinist beliefs sparked within the President a sense of Americanism ? he believed that God would be on America's side, and thus America was innately superior to other nations. In Wilson's War Message of 1917, Wilson re-assured the American people of this divine guidance: "to such a task we can dedicate our lives and our fortunes ... and the peace which she has treasured. God helping her, she can do no other." (Paterson and Merrill 537) Similarly, Henry Cabot Lodge's ideas of "duty and sacrifice" that stemmed from his conservative background pushed him toward Americanism and toward advocating US intervention in World War I (Widenor 221). After World War I, however, the two politicians renewed their rivalry as their visions of post-war Americanism in foreign policy repeatedly conflicted. Wilson's Americanism in the aftermath of World War I manifested itself in Wilson's "14 Points" as he pushed for America's superiority to be used to prevent future war. Wilson's desire to create a "League of Nations" that would form "a general association of nations" (Paterson and Merrill 539) arose from his belief that America could force compliance with such a league. Wilson's idealistic visions of a

Expository Math Essay Topics For High School Students

Expository Math Essay Topics For High School StudentsExpository math essay topics for high school students are part of your preparation for the AP Calculus exam. It is also a necessary skill for your career as a mathematics teacher. Writing skills are important in all academic endeavors, and they are especially needed in high school mathematics. Your math students will expect you to be at the top of your game when they leave you for the AP Calculus exam.There are a number of ways to choose your expository math essay topics for high school students. You can prepare it in your own way, or you can use a computer-based software package to help you. They offer many different activities that will help you with your preparation. You can also choose to write your essays using one of several scripts available for your specific topic.One of the great features of these programs is that they will help you develop your skills and improve them. You can prepare the required writing skills for your students and learn how to improve them, too. You can easily review your entire grammar review, when you review your script. This allows you to keep up with AP course work in your own pace.The great thing about these types of programs is that you will be able to do a test run of your expository math essay topics for high school students in the comfort of your own home. There is no need to travel to a local college or university to do this. You can use these programs anytime you want, even on the weekends, and you don't have to worry about getting your work done ahead of time. You just have to sit down with your computer and let your computer do the hard work for you.The ability to write essays based on expository math topics for high school students is a great advantage when you teach. It provides you with more practice and helps you prepare for the rigors of academic writing. Using these programs can help you develop the skills that you need in order to impress your students.In addi tion to providing you with expository math essay topics for high school students, the program will help you develop skills that you will need in your teaching future. In particular, the program will help you develop your critical thinking, writing, and speaking skills. When you do this, you will be much more successful as a math teacher.Being a math teacher requires a great deal of preparation and study. When you read a number of books, you may learn a few things here and there, but you may not have a thorough grasp of a subject. A good program like Expository Math Essay topics for High School Students by Darryl W. Lee, Jr., can help you make the most of what you know and will prepare you for what you don't know.The skills learned will enable you to use your knowledge in your teaching and can greatly improve your abilities as a teacher. This program is designed to help you write in an expository style, so you will be writing without using a dictionary or other tools. When you learn how to write using this style, you will be able to build on your existing writing skills and gain new ones. When you are using a program like Expository Math Essay topics for High School Students, you will begin to see the different applications for your classroom writing.